Teks recount adalah teks yang menjelaskan atau melaporkan mengenai sebuah peristiwa atau kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau dengan tujuan untuk menginformasikan atau menghibur.
Struktur teks recount, yaitu:
1. Orientation: Informasi pembuka yang dapat menjawab siapa, kapan, dan dimana.
2. Events: Urutan kejadian yang ditulis secara kronologis.
3. Reorientation: Penutup
Contoh teks recount:
My Adventure at Leang-Leang Cave
On Sunday, my parents, my best friend Novi, and I visited a cave at Maros called Leang-leang. It was my first time to visit the cave, better yet, my best friend came to visit it with me!
The cave was famous for its primitive cave wall paintings which were some hand prints and wild boar paintings. The cave and its surroundings was turned into a national park, so it was taken care of. My parents took a rest in a small hut for visitors of the park, while Novi and I adventured around the cave with a guide. We had to climb some metal stairs to get to the cave, because the cave was embedded into a small mountain. Next stop was a place where some seashells littered the ground and some were actually piled into a big mound! The guide said that these piles of seashells are called kjokkenmoddinger, or kitchen trash. The humans who lived here ate the shells and dumped the left overs in their 'kitchen'. The last place was a small museum where they have skeletons of the humans who lived in the caves. The skeletons along with some roughly made jewelry and weapons were placed inside glass cases for display. The walls of the museum were adorned with photographs taken when they did an excavation there.
After a quick lunch with Novi and my parents, we decided it was time to go back home. We really had the time of our lives!
THE BEST POINT BLANK
character robot point blank
Senin, 29 November 2010
Recount Text
The definition of Recount Text :
Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
The generic structures of Recount text are :
1. Orientation ( its gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened ,when it happened)
2. Events ( a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence )
3. Re-orentation ( restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)
The significant lexicogrammatical features :
• Uses of simple past tense
• Uses of temporal conjuctions ( when ,after,before,next,later,then)
• Uses of personal pronoun ( I and We )
For the example of Recount text :
“ A visit to a sheep property “
Last holiday.I visited a sheep property .I helped in the shearing sheds an the yards .On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched.I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces shearers start early ( at 7.30 a.m )
After lunch,we started shearing the lambs .There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day.Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished.We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks.
As well ,we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yard for shearing the next day.Then it was time for tea ( that’s what my nanna calls dinner ).This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.
Recount text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
The generic structures of Recount text are :
1. Orientation ( its gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened ,when it happened)
2. Events ( a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence )
3. Re-orentation ( restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)
The significant lexicogrammatical features :
• Uses of simple past tense
• Uses of temporal conjuctions ( when ,after,before,next,later,then)
• Uses of personal pronoun ( I and We )
For the example of Recount text :
“ A visit to a sheep property “
Last holiday.I visited a sheep property .I helped in the shearing sheds an the yards .On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched.I helped by sweeping up after the rouseabout picked up the wool pieces shearers start early ( at 7.30 a.m )
After lunch,we started shearing the lambs .There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day.Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags.I was tired by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished.We all had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks.
As well ,we had to get a mob of ewes and their lambs into the yard for shearing the next day.Then it was time for tea ( that’s what my nanna calls dinner ).This was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.
Procedure Text
The Definition of Procedure Text
P rocedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc
The generic structures of procedure text are:
• Goal / aim ( or title)
• Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)
• Steps ( the actions that must be taken)
For the example
‘’ How to make a sandwich ‘’
( aim/ goal)
You need ( materials)
• 2 slices of bread
• Peanut butter
• A banana
• Honey
What you should do are ( steps) :
• Take two slices of bread
• Spread peanut butter
• Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
• Pour some honey over the bananas
• Put the other slice of bread on top
P rocedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps.It explains how people perform different processes in a sequence of steps.This text uses simple present tense,often imperative sentence.It also uses the temporal conjunction such as : first,second,then,next,finally,etc
The generic structures of procedure text are:
• Goal / aim ( or title)
• Materials ( not required for all procedural texts)
• Steps ( the actions that must be taken)
For the example
‘’ How to make a sandwich ‘’
( aim/ goal)
You need ( materials)
• 2 slices of bread
• Peanut butter
• A banana
• Honey
What you should do are ( steps) :
• Take two slices of bread
• Spread peanut butter
• Cut up a banana onto small slices and put them on one of the slices
• Pour some honey over the bananas
• Put the other slice of bread on top
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
• I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
More About Active / Passive Forms
EXERCISES AND RELATED TOPICS
• Verb Tense Exercise 5 Simple Past and Present Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 6 Simple Past and Present Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 7 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 8 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 12 Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 14 Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 16 Present and Past Tenses with Non-Continuous Verbs
• Verb Tense Exercise 17 Present and Past Tense Review
• Verb Tense Practice Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review
• Verb Tense Final Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
• You have seen that movie many times.
• Have you seen that movie many times?
• You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
• I have seen that movie twenty times.
• I think I have met him once before.
• There have been many earthquakes in California.
• People have traveled to the Moon.
• People have not traveled to Mars.
• Have you read the book yet?
• Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
• A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.
Examples:
• I have been to France.
This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there once, or several times.
• I have been to France three times.
You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.
• I have never been to France.
This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.
• I think I have seen that movie before.
• He has never traveled by train.
• Joan has studied two foreign languages.
• A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.
Examples:
• You have grown since the last time I saw you.
• The government has become more interested in arts education.
• Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established.
• My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
TOPIC 3 Accomplishments
We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.
Examples:
• Man has walked on the Moon.
• Our son has learned how to read.
• Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.
• Scientists have split the atom.
TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting
We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:
• James has not finished his homework yet.
• Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.
• Bill has still not arrived.
• The rain hasn't stopped.
TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times
We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.
Examples:
• The army has attacked that city five times.
• I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.
• We have had many major problems while working on this project.
• She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
Time Expressions with Present Perfect
When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples:
• Have you been to Mexico in the last year?
• I have seen that movie six times in the last month.
• They have had three tests in the last week.
• She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far.
• My car has broken down three times this week.
NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I went to Mexico last year.
I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.
• I have been to Mexico in the last year.
I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.
USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect.
Examples:
• I have had a cold for two weeks.
• She has been in England for six months.
• Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
• You have only seen that movie one time.
• Have you only seen that movie one time?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
• Many tourists have visited that castle. Active
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive
More About Active / Passive Forms
EXERCISES AND RELATED TOPICS
• Verb Tense Exercise 5 Simple Past and Present Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 6 Simple Past and Present Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 7 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 8 Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 12 Simple Past, Present Perfect, and Past Perfect
• Verb Tense Exercise 14 Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous, and Past Perfect Continuous
• Verb Tense Exercise 16 Present and Past Tenses with Non-Continuous Verbs
• Verb Tense Exercise 17 Present and Past Tense Review
• Verb Tense Practice Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review
• Verb Tense Final Test Cumulative Verb Tense Review
Past tense
Past tense
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see past tense (disambiguation)
A past tense (abbreviated PST) is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).[1] Not all languages mark verbs for the past tense (Mandarin Chinese, for example, does not); in some languages, the grammatical expression of tense is mixed with the expression of mood and/or aspect (see Tense-aspect-mood).
In English, there are two verb forms which are commonly called "past tense", the so-called simple past, sometimes misleadingly called the preterite, which is a true tense, and the present perfect, which is generally considered an aspect rather than a tense.[1][2] These combine with other aspects including the progressive (continuous) aspect to create several additional forms:
Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or – ed to the root of a word. Examples: He walked to the store, or They danced all night.. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?
Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.
Past progressive is formed by using the adequate form of to be and the verb’s present participle: He was going to church. By inserting not before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: He was not going to church. A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of to be as in Was he going?.
Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started. Use is similar to other languages' imperfect.
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form: I have arrived. A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has: I have not arrived. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has: Has she arrived?
Present perfect is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
Present perfect progressive is formed by prefixing have/has before the grammatical participle been and the verb’s present participial form: We have been waiting. A negation is expressed by including not between have/has and been: They have not been eating. As with present perfect simple, for forming a question, have/has is put at the beginning of a sentence: Have they been eating?
Present perfect progressive is used for describing an event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. It also puts emphasis on how an event has occurred. Very often since and for mark the use of present perfect progressive: I have been waiting for five hours / I have been waiting since three o’clock.
Furthermore, there is another version of past tense possible: past perfect, similar to other languages' pluperfect.
Past perfect is formed by combining the simple past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb: We had shouted. A negation is achieved by including not after had: You had not spoken. Questions in past perfect always start with had: Had he laughed?
Past perfect is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto.
Past perfect progressive is formed by had, the grammatical particle been and the present participle of the main verb: You had been waiting. For negation, not is included before been: I had not been waiting. A question sentence is formed by starting with had: Had she been waiting?
If emphasis is put on the duration of a concluded action of the past, since and for are signal words for past perfect progressive: We had been waiting at the airport since the 9 P.M. flight. / They had been waiting for three hours now.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Other Indo-European languages
• 2 African languages
• 3 Asian languages
• 4 Other language families
• 5 Creole languages
o 5.1 Belizean Creole
o 5.2 Singaporean English Creole
o 5.3 Hawaiian Creole English
o 5.4 Haitian Creole
• 6 References
• 7 External links
[edit] Other Indo-European languages
In non-Germanic Indo-European languages, past marking is typically combined with a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect, with the former (the preterite or aorist) reserved for contained or completed actions in the past, and the other (the imperfect) used for noncontained or ongoing actions in the past. French for instance, has an imperfect of similar form to that of German but used only for past habitual contexts like "I used to...". Similar patterns extend across most languages of the Indo-European family right through to the Indic languages.
Unlike other Indo-European languages, in Slavic languages tense is independent of aspect, with imperfective and perfective aspects being indicated instead by means of prefixes, stem changes, or suppletion. In many West Slavic and East Slavic languages, the early Slavic past tenses have largely merged into a single past tense. In West Slavic, person is indicated by conjugation of an auxiliary verb (employing the verb 'to be'). In Polish this auxiliary has evolved into a clitic which may attach to the main verb or alternatively to other parts of the sentence such as pronouns or conjunctions. Languages using either an auxiliary verb or clitic often drop the pronoun as it is not necessary to indicate person. By contrast, East Slavic languages have dropped the auxiliary completely and indicate person by means of obligatory pronouns. In both West and East Slavic, verbs in the past tense are conjugated for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, plural).
[edit] African languages
Whilst in Semitic languages tripartite non-past/past imperfective/past perfective systems similar to those of most Indo-European languages are found, in the rest of Africa past tenses have very different forms from those found in European languages. Berber languages have only the perfective/imperfective distinction and lack a past imperfect.
Many non-Bantu Niger-Congo languages of West Africa do not mark past tense at all and only have a form of perfect derived from a word meaning "to finish". Others, such as Ewe, distinguish only between future and non-future.
In complete contrast, Bantu languages such as Zulu have not only a past tense, but also a less remote proximal tense which is used for very recent past events and is never interchangeable with the ordinary past form. These languages also differ substantially from European languages in coding tense with prefixes instead of such suffixes as English -ed.
Other, smaller language families of Africa follow quite regional patterns. Thus the Sudanic languages of East Africa and adjacent Afro-Asiatic families are part of the same area with inflectional past-marking that extends into Europe, whereas more westerly Nilo-Saharan languages often do not have past
[edit] Asian languages
Past tenses in the sense used within European languages are found within the vast Asian landmass only among the Dravidian languages and languages of the northern half, such as the Uralic, Mongolic, as well as Filipino language and Korean. Languages in southeast Asia typically do not distinguish tense; in Chinese, for example, the particle 了le instead indicates perfective aspect.
In parts of islands in South East Asia, even less distinction is made, for instance in Indonesian and some other Austronesian languages. Past tenses, do, however, exist in most Oceanic languages.
[edit] Other language families
Among Native American languages there is a split between complete absence of past marking (especially common in Mesoamerica and the Pacific Northwest) and very complex tense marking with numerous specialised remoteness distinctions, as found for instance in Athabaskan languages and a few languages of the Amazon Basin. Some of these tenses can have specialised mythological significance and uses.
A number of Native American languages like Northern Paiute stand in contrast to European notions of tense because they always use relative tense, which means tense relative to a reference point other than the time an utterance is made.
Papuan languages of New Guinea almost always have remoteness distinctions in the past tense (though none are as elaborate as some native American languages), whilst indigenous Australian languages usually have a single past tense without remoteness distinctions.
[edit] Creole languages
Creole languages tend to make tense marking optional, and when tense is marked invariant pre-verbal markers are used.[3]
[edit] Belizean Creole
In Belizean Creole, past tense marking is optional and is rarely used if a semantic temporal marker such as yestudeh "yesterday" is present.
[edit] Singaporean English Creole
Singaporean English Creole (Singlish) optionally marks the past tense, most often in irregular verbs (e.g., go → went) and regular verbs like accept which require an extra syllable for the past tense suffix -ed.
[edit] Hawaiian Creole English
Hawaiian Creole English[4] optionally marks the past tense with the invariant pre-verbal marker wen or bin (especially older speakers) or haed (especially on the island Kauai). (Ai wen si om "I saw him"; Ai bin klin ap mai ples for da halade "I cleaned up my place for the holiday"; De haed plei BYU laes wik "They played BYU last week"). The past habitual marker is yustu (Yo mada yustu tink so "Your mother used to think so").
[edit] Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole[5] can indicate past tense with the pre-verbal marker te (Li te vini "He (past) come", "He came").
[edit] References
1. ^ a b Comrie, Bernard, Tense, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
2. ^ Comrie, Bernard, Aspect, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.
3. ^ Holm, John, Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: ch. 6.
4. ^ Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff, Pidgin Grammar, Bess Press, 2003: pp. 38ff.
5. ^ Turnbull, Wally R., Creole Made Easy, Light Messages, 2000: p. 13.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see past tense (disambiguation)
A past tense (abbreviated PST) is a grammatical tense that places an action or situation in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system).[1] Not all languages mark verbs for the past tense (Mandarin Chinese, for example, does not); in some languages, the grammatical expression of tense is mixed with the expression of mood and/or aspect (see Tense-aspect-mood).
In English, there are two verb forms which are commonly called "past tense", the so-called simple past, sometimes misleadingly called the preterite, which is a true tense, and the present perfect, which is generally considered an aspect rather than a tense.[1][2] These combine with other aspects including the progressive (continuous) aspect to create several additional forms:
Simple past is formed for regular verbs by adding -d or – ed to the root of a word. Examples: He walked to the store, or They danced all night.. A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form. Example: He did not walk to the store. Question sentences are started with did as in Did he walk to the store?
Simple past is used for describing acts that have already been concluded and whose exact time of occurrence is known. Furthermore, simple past is used for retelling successive events. That is why it is commonly used in storytelling.
Past progressive is formed by using the adequate form of to be and the verb’s present participle: He was going to church. By inserting not before the main verb a negation is achieved. Example: He was not going to church. A question is formed by prefixing the adequate form of to be as in Was he going?.
Past progressive is used for describing events that were in the process of occurring when a new event happened. The already occurring event is presented in past progressive, the new one in simple past. Example: We were sitting in the garden when the thunderstorm started. Use is similar to other languages' imperfect.
Present perfect is formed by combining have/has with the main verb’s past participle form: I have arrived. A negation is produced by inserting not after have/has: I have not arrived. Questions in present perfect are formulated by starting a sentence with have/has: Has she arrived?
Present perfect is used for describing a past action’s effect on the present: He has arrived. Now he is here. This holds true for events that have just been concluded as well as for events that have not yet occurred.
Present perfect progressive is formed by prefixing have/has before the grammatical participle been and the verb’s present participial form: We have been waiting. A negation is expressed by including not between have/has and been: They have not been eating. As with present perfect simple, for forming a question, have/has is put at the beginning of a sentence: Have they been eating?
Present perfect progressive is used for describing an event that has been going on until the present and may be continued in the future. It also puts emphasis on how an event has occurred. Very often since and for mark the use of present perfect progressive: I have been waiting for five hours / I have been waiting since three o’clock.
Furthermore, there is another version of past tense possible: past perfect, similar to other languages' pluperfect.
Past perfect is formed by combining the simple past form of to have with the past participle form of the main verb: We had shouted. A negation is achieved by including not after had: You had not spoken. Questions in past perfect always start with had: Had he laughed?
Past perfect is used for describing secluded events that have occurred before something else followed. The event that is closer to the present is given in simple past tense: After we had visited our relatives in New York, we flew back to Toronto.
Past perfect progressive is formed by had, the grammatical particle been and the present participle of the main verb: You had been waiting. For negation, not is included before been: I had not been waiting. A question sentence is formed by starting with had: Had she been waiting?
If emphasis is put on the duration of a concluded action of the past, since and for are signal words for past perfect progressive: We had been waiting at the airport since the 9 P.M. flight. / They had been waiting for three hours now.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Other Indo-European languages
• 2 African languages
• 3 Asian languages
• 4 Other language families
• 5 Creole languages
o 5.1 Belizean Creole
o 5.2 Singaporean English Creole
o 5.3 Hawaiian Creole English
o 5.4 Haitian Creole
• 6 References
• 7 External links
[edit] Other Indo-European languages
In non-Germanic Indo-European languages, past marking is typically combined with a distinction between perfective and imperfective aspect, with the former (the preterite or aorist) reserved for contained or completed actions in the past, and the other (the imperfect) used for noncontained or ongoing actions in the past. French for instance, has an imperfect of similar form to that of German but used only for past habitual contexts like "I used to...". Similar patterns extend across most languages of the Indo-European family right through to the Indic languages.
Unlike other Indo-European languages, in Slavic languages tense is independent of aspect, with imperfective and perfective aspects being indicated instead by means of prefixes, stem changes, or suppletion. In many West Slavic and East Slavic languages, the early Slavic past tenses have largely merged into a single past tense. In West Slavic, person is indicated by conjugation of an auxiliary verb (employing the verb 'to be'). In Polish this auxiliary has evolved into a clitic which may attach to the main verb or alternatively to other parts of the sentence such as pronouns or conjunctions. Languages using either an auxiliary verb or clitic often drop the pronoun as it is not necessary to indicate person. By contrast, East Slavic languages have dropped the auxiliary completely and indicate person by means of obligatory pronouns. In both West and East Slavic, verbs in the past tense are conjugated for gender (masculine, feminine, neuter) and number (singular, plural).
[edit] African languages
Whilst in Semitic languages tripartite non-past/past imperfective/past perfective systems similar to those of most Indo-European languages are found, in the rest of Africa past tenses have very different forms from those found in European languages. Berber languages have only the perfective/imperfective distinction and lack a past imperfect.
Many non-Bantu Niger-Congo languages of West Africa do not mark past tense at all and only have a form of perfect derived from a word meaning "to finish". Others, such as Ewe, distinguish only between future and non-future.
In complete contrast, Bantu languages such as Zulu have not only a past tense, but also a less remote proximal tense which is used for very recent past events and is never interchangeable with the ordinary past form. These languages also differ substantially from European languages in coding tense with prefixes instead of such suffixes as English -ed.
Other, smaller language families of Africa follow quite regional patterns. Thus the Sudanic languages of East Africa and adjacent Afro-Asiatic families are part of the same area with inflectional past-marking that extends into Europe, whereas more westerly Nilo-Saharan languages often do not have past
[edit] Asian languages
Past tenses in the sense used within European languages are found within the vast Asian landmass only among the Dravidian languages and languages of the northern half, such as the Uralic, Mongolic, as well as Filipino language and Korean. Languages in southeast Asia typically do not distinguish tense; in Chinese, for example, the particle 了le instead indicates perfective aspect.
In parts of islands in South East Asia, even less distinction is made, for instance in Indonesian and some other Austronesian languages. Past tenses, do, however, exist in most Oceanic languages.
[edit] Other language families
Among Native American languages there is a split between complete absence of past marking (especially common in Mesoamerica and the Pacific Northwest) and very complex tense marking with numerous specialised remoteness distinctions, as found for instance in Athabaskan languages and a few languages of the Amazon Basin. Some of these tenses can have specialised mythological significance and uses.
A number of Native American languages like Northern Paiute stand in contrast to European notions of tense because they always use relative tense, which means tense relative to a reference point other than the time an utterance is made.
Papuan languages of New Guinea almost always have remoteness distinctions in the past tense (though none are as elaborate as some native American languages), whilst indigenous Australian languages usually have a single past tense without remoteness distinctions.
[edit] Creole languages
Creole languages tend to make tense marking optional, and when tense is marked invariant pre-verbal markers are used.[3]
[edit] Belizean Creole
In Belizean Creole, past tense marking is optional and is rarely used if a semantic temporal marker such as yestudeh "yesterday" is present.
[edit] Singaporean English Creole
Singaporean English Creole (Singlish) optionally marks the past tense, most often in irregular verbs (e.g., go → went) and regular verbs like accept which require an extra syllable for the past tense suffix -ed.
[edit] Hawaiian Creole English
Hawaiian Creole English[4] optionally marks the past tense with the invariant pre-verbal marker wen or bin (especially older speakers) or haed (especially on the island Kauai). (Ai wen si om "I saw him"; Ai bin klin ap mai ples for da halade "I cleaned up my place for the holiday"; De haed plei BYU laes wik "They played BYU last week"). The past habitual marker is yustu (Yo mada yustu tink so "Your mother used to think so").
[edit] Haitian Creole
Haitian Creole[5] can indicate past tense with the pre-verbal marker te (Li te vini "He (past) come", "He came").
[edit] References
1. ^ a b Comrie, Bernard, Tense, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985.
2. ^ Comrie, Bernard, Aspect, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1976.
3. ^ Holm, John, Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000: ch. 6.
4. ^ Sakoda, Kent, and Siegel, Jeff, Pidgin Grammar, Bess Press, 2003: pp. 38ff.
5. ^ Turnbull, Wally R., Creole Made Easy, Light Messages, 2000: p. 13.
Past perfect
Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.
Formula of Verbal Sentence:
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + V3
(- ) SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
(? ) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?
Example:
+ She had put my book on the table last nigth.
- She had not put my book on the table last night.
? Had she put my book on the table last night?
Formula of Nominal Sentence
(+ )SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB
(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB
(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?
Example:
+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.
- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?
**note**
I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = they’d
He had = he’d
She had = She’d
It had = It’d
Formula of Verbal Sentence:
(+) SUBJECT + HAD + V3
(- ) SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
(? ) HAD + SUBJECT + V3?
Example:
+ She had put my book on the table last nigth.
- She had not put my book on the table last night.
? Had she put my book on the table last night?
Formula of Nominal Sentence
(+ )SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB
(- )SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB
(?) HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?
Example:
+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.
- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?
**note**
I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = they’d
He had = he’d
She had = She’d
It had = It’d
Happines expressions
Happines expressions is the expressions thst we to show it we happy and pleasure. Thepurpose is to show if we happy about something.
To expressing the happines we can how by
“ the word,gestures or facial”
These are some expressing of happines :
• I’m very plased with it price -Hore !
• I’m very really delighted -Thanks God !
• I’m so glad to hear that -Yes !
• I’m very happy -I’m happy !
• Smassing -Terrific !
• I can’t say how please did it -Fantastic !
• Great -Exciting !
• It’s so beautifully -Super !
These are some expressing of happines with gestures or facial :
• Laugh
• Smile
What do you say if you friend fell happy :
• Congratulation
• Happy birthday
• Happy anniversary
The example of happines expressions !
Hally : I’m very happy,I have a girl friend now !
Hiyakutake : Oo…..really ?
Congratulation Hally….
Standard Competency :
To comprehend and express the meaning nuance within the transactional and interpersonal conversations which are related to the happiness expressions in the context of daily life.
Basic Competency :
To respond and express the meaning nuance within the formal / informal transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal (get sociable) conversations by using the simple kind of spoken and written languages accurately and fluently in the daily life context involving the acts of expressing happiness, gaining attention, expressing sympathy and giving instruction
Indicators :
After finishing the lesson, the students are expected to be able to:
identify the meaning nuance of expressing happiness
respond or carry out transactional and interpersonal conversations about expressing happiness
Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings
What would you say to express your happiness?
I’m happy……
I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….
I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it
I am so glad to hear that
Great!
Terrific!
Fantastic!
To expressing the happines we can how by
“ the word,gestures or facial”
These are some expressing of happines :
• I’m very plased with it price -Hore !
• I’m very really delighted -Thanks God !
• I’m so glad to hear that -Yes !
• I’m very happy -I’m happy !
• Smassing -Terrific !
• I can’t say how please did it -Fantastic !
• Great -Exciting !
• It’s so beautifully -Super !
These are some expressing of happines with gestures or facial :
• Laugh
• Smile
What do you say if you friend fell happy :
• Congratulation
• Happy birthday
• Happy anniversary
The example of happines expressions !
Hally : I’m very happy,I have a girl friend now !
Hiyakutake : Oo…..really ?
Congratulation Hally….
Standard Competency :
To comprehend and express the meaning nuance within the transactional and interpersonal conversations which are related to the happiness expressions in the context of daily life.
Basic Competency :
To respond and express the meaning nuance within the formal / informal transactional (to get things done) and interpersonal (get sociable) conversations by using the simple kind of spoken and written languages accurately and fluently in the daily life context involving the acts of expressing happiness, gaining attention, expressing sympathy and giving instruction
Indicators :
After finishing the lesson, the students are expected to be able to:
identify the meaning nuance of expressing happiness
respond or carry out transactional and interpersonal conversations about expressing happiness
Happiness Expression is an expression that is used to show that someone or people are glad have excited feelings
What would you say to express your happiness?
I’m happy……
I’m (very)pleased / (really) delighted (about)….
I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it
I am so glad to hear that
Great!
Terrific!
Fantastic!
Narrative text
Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating ,stimulating emotions,motivating,guiding and teaching the readrs or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience .
Narrative text such as : fable ( Mouse Deer and Crocodile ),legend/folk tables ( Sangkuriang ,Malin Kundang ),Fairy Tale ( Cinderella,Snow White ,Pinochio )
The generic of Narrative text :
1. Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants ( it answer the questions = who,when,what,where )
2. Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight ( the information about the narrator’s point of view ) .It’s optional.
3. Complication : A crisis or a problem arises.It usually involves the main characters
4. .Resulation : A solution to the problem ( for better or worse ) main characters find ways to solve the problem.
Some important point in the story of narrative text are :
• It uses temporal conjunction : ex once upon a time ,before,after,etc.
• It uses simple past tense : ex there lived a……….one day…there was …etc
For the example of Narrative text :
“ Island Rote “
Rote is small but a fertile island.Rote is located at the province of east Nusa Tenggara .There wasn’t any big town on the island ,but a small village.Not very far from that village ,there was a small hut.A woman and her grand daughter lived in that hut.Every day the grand daughter was away,then she got busy in the kitchen cooking rice.In the afternoon both of them cooked the fish .When the meals were ready ,both are ravenously.
One day,the old woman told her grand daughter ,” My grand daughter from now on please cook one grain of rice only a day .Please don’t forget about it,” said the grand daughter earnestly then the girl got busy with the cooking.After a short time ,she time ,she went to see whether the rice was well cooked .When she opened the lid of the cooking pot ,the content overflowed.
The girl time franticallt to catch the flowing rice with a bowl .But the rice continuosly overflowed.The girl got more franticly seeing the rice flood ,the entire floor of the hut.The rice even flooded the garden outside .Crying,the girl ran out of the hut to look for her grand mother.On her way to beach ,the girl ran into her grand mother.She told everthing about the incident.Her grand mother got very mad at the because she didn’t obey her .The girl cried out for mecy.Her grand mother ,unfortunately ,kept on beating her.Suddenly the girl disappreared in a thin cloud .Not long after wards ,the could deared a away and thereb appeared a monkey .The girl has changed into a monkey.
“ Now .Grand mother,you are all by yourself.Nobody else is going to cook the rice ,prepare the coffee ,and tall with you,”said the monkey.The grand mother got lost in receive .She deeply regretted what she did
Narrative text such as : fable ( Mouse Deer and Crocodile ),legend/folk tables ( Sangkuriang ,Malin Kundang ),Fairy Tale ( Cinderella,Snow White ,Pinochio )
The generic of Narrative text :
1. Orientation : It sets the scene and introduces the participants ( it answer the questions = who,when,what,where )
2. Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight ( the information about the narrator’s point of view ) .It’s optional.
3. Complication : A crisis or a problem arises.It usually involves the main characters
4. .Resulation : A solution to the problem ( for better or worse ) main characters find ways to solve the problem.
Some important point in the story of narrative text are :
• It uses temporal conjunction : ex once upon a time ,before,after,etc.
• It uses simple past tense : ex there lived a……….one day…there was …etc
For the example of Narrative text :
“ Island Rote “
Rote is small but a fertile island.Rote is located at the province of east Nusa Tenggara .There wasn’t any big town on the island ,but a small village.Not very far from that village ,there was a small hut.A woman and her grand daughter lived in that hut.Every day the grand daughter was away,then she got busy in the kitchen cooking rice.In the afternoon both of them cooked the fish .When the meals were ready ,both are ravenously.
One day,the old woman told her grand daughter ,” My grand daughter from now on please cook one grain of rice only a day .Please don’t forget about it,” said the grand daughter earnestly then the girl got busy with the cooking.After a short time ,she time ,she went to see whether the rice was well cooked .When she opened the lid of the cooking pot ,the content overflowed.
The girl time franticallt to catch the flowing rice with a bowl .But the rice continuosly overflowed.The girl got more franticly seeing the rice flood ,the entire floor of the hut.The rice even flooded the garden outside .Crying,the girl ran out of the hut to look for her grand mother.On her way to beach ,the girl ran into her grand mother.She told everthing about the incident.Her grand mother got very mad at the because she didn’t obey her .The girl cried out for mecy.Her grand mother ,unfortunately ,kept on beating her.Suddenly the girl disappreared in a thin cloud .Not long after wards ,the could deared a away and thereb appeared a monkey .The girl has changed into a monkey.
“ Now .Grand mother,you are all by yourself.Nobody else is going to cook the rice ,prepare the coffee ,and tall with you,”said the monkey.The grand mother got lost in receive .She deeply regretted what she did
greetings
greetings is the way to be a polite persons. Uhm, hehehehe.... That's in my opinion. What about you ?
This is the way to greet other people :
-Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening
-Hello
-How are you?
-How’s everything with you?
-How’s life ?
-How are you getting along ?
-How are you doing ?
-Fine, thanks
-Pretty good, thanks
-I’m well, thanks
-Not bad, thanks. And you?
Then, when you meet another persons that you don't know who is he/she, you must introduce yourself first, don't ya'?
This is how to introduce yourself :
-Let me introduce my self, my name is .....
-Hello, I'm .....
-Hi, I’m ...... You can call me ....
-Hello, my name is .......
Have you ever introduce your friend to another persons that don't know about your friend's ? Well.. This is how to introduce people :
-I would like to introduce .......
-I would like you to meet .....
-Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is .
This is the way to greet other people :
-Good Morning/Afternoon/Evening
-Hello
-How are you?
-How’s everything with you?
-How’s life ?
-How are you getting along ?
-How are you doing ?
-Fine, thanks
-Pretty good, thanks
-I’m well, thanks
-Not bad, thanks. And you?
Then, when you meet another persons that you don't know who is he/she, you must introduce yourself first, don't ya'?
This is how to introduce yourself :
-Let me introduce my self, my name is .....
-Hello, I'm .....
-Hi, I’m ...... You can call me ....
-Hello, my name is .......
Have you ever introduce your friend to another persons that don't know about your friend's ? Well.. This is how to introduce people :
-I would like to introduce .......
-I would like you to meet .....
-Excuse me, let me introduce you a new friend. His name is .
Giving intruction
• Giving intruction is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we instruct or request.
• The differene between requests :
Requests are often questions, thought indirect requests may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request bythe addition of “ please “ or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive from of the verb. Very often english request are indrect. Instead of asking someone to do somenthing. The speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“can, may , etc “ ) are very used.
• Difference between instructions :
• Instructions (also calles imperatives ) require the person receiving them to do somenthing, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly adderessed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of english sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the ‘ naming ‘ from the vocative is used.
• Example expressions of giving instruction :
a) Open your book!
b) Be quiet, please!
c) Give me a salt, please!
d) Stand up, please!
e) Move the table!
• Tense used in giving instruction is “Simple Present”.
• The differene between requests :
Requests are often questions, thought indirect requests may not be. Sometimes an instruction is changed into a request bythe addition of “ please “ or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive from of the verb. Very often english request are indrect. Instead of asking someone to do somenthing. The speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Therefore modals of ability (“can, may , etc “ ) are very used.
• Difference between instructions :
• Instructions (also calles imperatives ) require the person receiving them to do somenthing, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly adderessed to the person who has to do them. Therefore, instructions are one of the few types of english sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually “you” (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the ‘ naming ‘ from the vocative is used.
• Example expressions of giving instruction :
a) Open your book!
b) Be quiet, please!
c) Give me a salt, please!
d) Stand up, please!
e) Move the table!
• Tense used in giving instruction is “Simple Present”.
Gaining Attention
Gaining Attention
Gaining attention is the way to follow attention to some one.
* cara untuk meminta perhatian / respon seseorang.
- Showing Attention:
• look at you!
• how beautiful!
• That's wonderful
• What's the matter?
• Is every thing all right?
• Oh, really? is it true?
• Oh, my God. What happens?
• Wow... really? That's incredible
- Gaining Attention:
• Attention, please
• May / can I help you attention, please?
• Excuseme
• look here
• listen to me, please
• Waiter?
• I'm sorry, but...
• Wow, really?
• I'm listening
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Happiness Expression
Sympathy Expression
Gaining Attention
News Item
Greeting
Appointment
Descriptive Text
Advertisement
Surprise or Disbeliefs
Narrative Text
Mengenai Saya
Primbon
Lihat profil lengkapku
Gaining attention is the way to follow attention to some one.
* cara untuk meminta perhatian / respon seseorang.
- Showing Attention:
• look at you!
• how beautiful!
• That's wonderful
• What's the matter?
• Is every thing all right?
• Oh, really? is it true?
• Oh, my God. What happens?
• Wow... really? That's incredible
- Gaining Attention:
• Attention, please
• May / can I help you attention, please?
• Excuseme
• look here
• listen to me, please
• Waiter?
• I'm sorry, but...
• Wow, really?
• I'm listening
Diposkan oleh Primbon di 21:04
0 komentar:
Poskan Komentar
Posting Lebih Baru Posting Lama Beranda
Langgan: Poskan Komentar (Atom)
Pengikut
Arsip Blog
• ▼ 2009 (10)
o ▼ Juni (10)
Happiness Expression
Sympathy Expression
Gaining Attention
News Item
Greeting
Appointment
Descriptive Text
Advertisement
Surprise or Disbeliefs
Narrative Text
Mengenai Saya
Primbon
Lihat profil lengkapku
invitation
Examples of Formal Wedding Invitations
Formal invitations are written in the third person, refering to the hosts using their full names. We have set out below a wide variety of formal invitation styles. If the wording to match your situation is not shown it should be possible, by observing the conventions used in the following examples, to arrive at a suitable alternative.
All invitations should have R.S.V.P. (répondez s'il vous plait) details printed in the bottom left hand corner of the invitation, as shown in the example below.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(with the bride's parents hosting the wedding)
(the names of guests are hand written in the top left hand corner).
Alternative Traditional Wedding Invitation
(where the names of the guests are included in the wording)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure
of the company of
_______________________________
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(for a wedding held at a licensed venue in England or Wales)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at Leez Priory, Chelmsford, Essex,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
followed by a reception.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(for the evening reception only)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at an evening reception to celebrate
the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at The Savoy Hotel, London,
on Saturday 11th September
at 8 o'clock.
(the word reception may be substituted by party if desired)
Bride's parents separated or divorced
(but still sharing surname)
Mr. Jeremy Smythe
and
Mrs. Jane Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents divorced, mother remarried, hosting wedding together
Mr. Jeremy Smythe
and
Mrs. David Cox
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents divorced, mother absent or deceased, father remarried
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of his daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's father absent or deceased, mother remarried
Mr. & Mrs. David Cox
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of her daughter
Sarah Katherine Smythe
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the bride's surname has been included since it differs
from the hosts' names. It can be excluded if desired)
Bride's mother widowed, not remarried
Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
requests the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of her daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents deceased or absent, groom's parents hosting
Mr. & Mrs. David Williams
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their son
Michael John
to
Sarah Katherine Smythe
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Wedding hosted by a relative
(in this example, by the bride's aunt and uncle)
Mr. & Mrs. Matthew Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their niece
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the bride's surname can be included if it differs
from the relatives' surname)
Bride and groom hosting their own wedding
Miss Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Mr. Michael John Williams
request the pleasure of your company
at their marriage
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
For a reception following a marriage that has already taken place
(where the marriage was overseas, for example)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure
of your company at a reception
following the marriage
of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at The Savoy Hotel, London,
on Saturday 11th September
at 6 o'clock.
For a Service of Blessing
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the Blessing of the marriage
of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
For a simple wedding at a register office
(usually a small gathering followed by a luncheon, not a reception)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at Chelsea Register Office,
on Friday 11th September
at 11 o'clock
and afterwards for luncheon at
The Savoy Hotel.
Examples of Informal Wedding Invitations
For a slightly less formal wedding invitation, it is usual to omit the hosts' titles such as Mr. and Mrs. Therefore, the invitation would read "Jeremy and Jane Smythe request the pleasure of..." When writing the guests' names on your invitations, you should match the style of the hosts' name, for example, "Jeremy and Jane Smythe request the pleasure of the company of Michael and Jackie Cox..." You would also substitute pm for o'clock. Informal wedding invitations could take the following form:
Informal Wedding Invitation
(with the bride and groom hosting the wedding)
Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Michael John Williams
invite you to share in their love
and happiness as they exchange
vows of marriage and begin their
new life together
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Informal Wedding Invitation
(with the bride's parents hosting the wedding)
Jeremy and Jane Smythe
invite you to share in the
love and happiness of the
marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Informal Wedding Invitation
(The bride and groom and their parents hosting the wedding)
Together with their parents
Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Michael John Williams
invite you to share in their love
and happiness as they exchange
vows of marriage and begin their
new life together
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the names of the people at the RSVP address
should be also included)
For even less formality, well anything goes, particularly if the bride and groom are hosting their wedding, in which case they may choose a style of wording that suits their characters or the theme of their wedding.
Formal invitations are written in the third person, refering to the hosts using their full names. We have set out below a wide variety of formal invitation styles. If the wording to match your situation is not shown it should be possible, by observing the conventions used in the following examples, to arrive at a suitable alternative.
All invitations should have R.S.V.P. (répondez s'il vous plait) details printed in the bottom left hand corner of the invitation, as shown in the example below.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(with the bride's parents hosting the wedding)
(the names of guests are hand written in the top left hand corner).
Alternative Traditional Wedding Invitation
(where the names of the guests are included in the wording)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure
of the company of
_______________________________
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(for a wedding held at a licensed venue in England or Wales)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at Leez Priory, Chelmsford, Essex,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
followed by a reception.
Traditional Wedding Invitation
(for the evening reception only)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at an evening reception to celebrate
the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at The Savoy Hotel, London,
on Saturday 11th September
at 8 o'clock.
(the word reception may be substituted by party if desired)
Bride's parents separated or divorced
(but still sharing surname)
Mr. Jeremy Smythe
and
Mrs. Jane Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents divorced, mother remarried, hosting wedding together
Mr. Jeremy Smythe
and
Mrs. David Cox
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents divorced, mother absent or deceased, father remarried
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of his daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's father absent or deceased, mother remarried
Mr. & Mrs. David Cox
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of her daughter
Sarah Katherine Smythe
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the bride's surname has been included since it differs
from the hosts' names. It can be excluded if desired)
Bride's mother widowed, not remarried
Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
requests the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of her daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Bride's parents deceased or absent, groom's parents hosting
Mr. & Mrs. David Williams
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their son
Michael John
to
Sarah Katherine Smythe
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Wedding hosted by a relative
(in this example, by the bride's aunt and uncle)
Mr. & Mrs. Matthew Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their niece
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the bride's surname can be included if it differs
from the relatives' surname)
Bride and groom hosting their own wedding
Miss Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Mr. Michael John Williams
request the pleasure of your company
at their marriage
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
For a reception following a marriage that has already taken place
(where the marriage was overseas, for example)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure
of your company at a reception
following the marriage
of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at The Savoy Hotel, London,
on Saturday 11th September
at 6 o'clock.
For a Service of Blessing
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the Blessing of the marriage
of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30 o'clock
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
For a simple wedding at a register office
(usually a small gathering followed by a luncheon, not a reception)
Mr. & Mrs. Jeremy Smythe
request the pleasure of your company
at the marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Mr. Michael John Williams
at Chelsea Register Office,
on Friday 11th September
at 11 o'clock
and afterwards for luncheon at
The Savoy Hotel.
Examples of Informal Wedding Invitations
For a slightly less formal wedding invitation, it is usual to omit the hosts' titles such as Mr. and Mrs. Therefore, the invitation would read "Jeremy and Jane Smythe request the pleasure of..." When writing the guests' names on your invitations, you should match the style of the hosts' name, for example, "Jeremy and Jane Smythe request the pleasure of the company of Michael and Jackie Cox..." You would also substitute pm for o'clock. Informal wedding invitations could take the following form:
Informal Wedding Invitation
(with the bride and groom hosting the wedding)
Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Michael John Williams
invite you to share in their love
and happiness as they exchange
vows of marriage and begin their
new life together
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Informal Wedding Invitation
(with the bride's parents hosting the wedding)
Jeremy and Jane Smythe
invite you to share in the
love and happiness of the
marriage of their daughter
Sarah Katherine
to
Michael John Williams
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
Informal Wedding Invitation
(The bride and groom and their parents hosting the wedding)
Together with their parents
Sarah Katherine Smythe
and
Michael John Williams
invite you to share in their love
and happiness as they exchange
vows of marriage and begin their
new life together
at St. Mary's Church, Knightsbridge,
on Saturday 11th September
at 2.30pm
and afterwards at
The Savoy Hotel.
(the names of the people at the RSVP address
should be also included)
For even less formality, well anything goes, particularly if the bride and groom are hosting their wedding, in which case they may choose a style of wording that suits their characters or the theme of their wedding.
english vocabularry
English Vocabulary – Body Parts
Exercise on the Head
Exercise on the Face
Exercise on the whole Body
Word List
Body Parts
arm
eye
eyebrow
belly
leg
breast
thumb
elbow
fist
finger
foot (plural: feet)
ankle
buttocks
hair
neck
hand
wrist
hip
chin
knee
head
lip
mouth
nose
nostril
upper arm
thigh
ear
bottom, bum
back
underarm, forearm
lower leg
shoulder
forehead
waist
calf (plural: calves)
cheek
eyelash, lash
tooth (plural: teeth)
toe
tongue
body part Also found in: Wikipedia
0.01 sec.
ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
Noun 1. body part - any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity
organism, being - a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
saddle - posterior part of the back of a domestic fowl
underpart - a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body; "the warbler has a white throat and underparts"; "a woodland mouse with white underparts"
horseback - the back of a horse
dock - the solid bony part of the tail of an animal as distinguished from the hair
ambulacrum - one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located
withers - the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals
cannon, shank - lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals
lumbus, loin - either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupeds
croupe, rump, croup, hindquarters - the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks
gaskin - lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle
flank - the side between ribs and hipbone
thorax - part of an insect's body that bears the wings and legs
apparatus - (anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function; "the breathing apparatus"
corpus - the main part of an organ or other bodily structure
adnexa, annexa - accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo); "Fallopian tubes and ovaries are adnexa of the uterus"
region, area - a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region"
dilator - a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part
vallecula, groove - (anatomy) any furrow or channel on a bodily structure or part
partition - (anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism
external body part - any body part visible externally
anatomical structure, bodily structure, body structure, complex body part, structure - a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing; "he has good bone structure"
fornix - generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space)
system - a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
ampulla - the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear
tissue - part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
mentum - a projection below the mouth of certain mollusks that resembles a chin
organ - a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
venter - a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle)
energid, protoplast - a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts
appendage, outgrowth, process - a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process"
lobe - (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part; "ear lobe"
rectum - the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus
shoulder - the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm
torso, trunk, body - the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; "they moved their arms and legs and bodies"
chest, pectus, thorax - the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
thorax - the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen
hip - either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh
haunch - the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings
abdomen, belly, stomach, venter - the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis
dorsum - the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part); "the dorsum of the foot"
Exercise on the Head
Exercise on the Face
Exercise on the whole Body
Word List
Body Parts
arm
eye
eyebrow
belly
leg
breast
thumb
elbow
fist
finger
foot (plural: feet)
ankle
buttocks
hair
neck
hand
wrist
hip
chin
knee
head
lip
mouth
nose
nostril
upper arm
thigh
ear
bottom, bum
back
underarm, forearm
lower leg
shoulder
forehead
waist
calf (plural: calves)
cheek
eyelash, lash
tooth (plural: teeth)
toe
tongue
body part Also found in: Wikipedia
0.01 sec.
ThesaurusLegend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms
Noun 1. body part - any part of an organism such as an organ or extremity
organism, being - a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
saddle - posterior part of the back of a domestic fowl
underpart - a part lying on the lower side or underneath an animal's body; "the warbler has a white throat and underparts"; "a woodland mouse with white underparts"
horseback - the back of a horse
dock - the solid bony part of the tail of an animal as distinguished from the hair
ambulacrum - one of the five areas on the undersurface of an echinoderm on which the tube feet are located
withers - the highest part of the back at the base of the neck of various animals especially draft animals
cannon, shank - lower part of the leg extending from the hock to the fetlock in hoofed mammals
lumbus, loin - either side of the backbone between the hipbone and the ribs in humans as well as quadrupeds
croupe, rump, croup, hindquarters - the part of an animal that corresponds to the human buttocks
gaskin - lower part of a horse's thigh between the hock and the stifle
flank - the side between ribs and hipbone
thorax - part of an insect's body that bears the wings and legs
apparatus - (anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function; "the breathing apparatus"
corpus - the main part of an organ or other bodily structure
adnexa, annexa - accessory or adjoining anatomical parts or appendages to an organ (especially of the embryo); "Fallopian tubes and ovaries are adnexa of the uterus"
region, area - a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region"
dilator - a muscle or nerve that dilates or widens a body part
vallecula, groove - (anatomy) any furrow or channel on a bodily structure or part
partition - (anatomy) a structure that separates areas in an organism
external body part - any body part visible externally
anatomical structure, bodily structure, body structure, complex body part, structure - a particular complex anatomical part of a living thing; "he has good bone structure"
fornix - generally any arch shaped structure (but often it refers to the arched roof of an anatomical space)
system - a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
ampulla - the dilated portion of a canal or duct especially of the semicircular canals of the ear
tissue - part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function
mentum - a projection below the mouth of certain mollusks that resembles a chin
organ - a fully differentiated structural and functional unit in an animal that is specialized for some particular function
venter - a bulging body part (as the belly of a muscle)
energid, protoplast - a biological unit consisting of a nucleus and the body of cytoplasm with which it interacts
appendage, outgrowth, process - a natural prolongation or projection from a part of an organism either animal or plant; "a bony process"
lobe - (anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part; "ear lobe"
rectum - the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus
shoulder - the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm
torso, trunk, body - the body excluding the head and neck and limbs; "they moved their arms and legs and bodies"
chest, pectus, thorax - the part of the human torso between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
thorax - the middle region of the body of an arthropod between the head and the abdomen
hip - either side of the body below the waist and above the thigh
haunch - the hip and buttock and upper thigh in human beings
abdomen, belly, stomach, venter - the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis
dorsum - the back of the body of a vertebrate or any analogous surface (as the upper or outer surface of an organ or appendage or part); "the dorsum of the foot"
appointment
• Appointment is about a comment someone to someone.
• Making an appointment :
Accepting an Appointment :
Aldy : Hii, Evan.
Evan : Hii, Aldy, what isi on you come it?
Aldy : I come it now because me invite you to come my house.
Evan : why not? No problem.
Aldy : thanks, you can come at 03.00 pm.
Canceling an appointment :
Mario : Fadli, can you folow me go to workshop because me have many problem
Fadli : Mario, i’m so very sorry dear that, but then i also at workshop to, so we all get same fate to.
Mario : owh, really ? hahaha... OK if just after we face its problem them.
Fadli : hahhaa... OK.
Changing an Appointment :
Student : Sirr! Could we change time a agenda today from additional training?
Sirr : That very nice, but can you give reason to your opinnion?
Student : emm... because we have a to bussy at 02.00 pm – 03.00, to faith job brazes.
Sirr : OK, can at accepts, but then all it’s not deceit don’t?
Student : No Sirr, we won’t deceit about previus thing. All that correctness.
• Making an appointment :
Accepting an Appointment :
Aldy : Hii, Evan.
Evan : Hii, Aldy, what isi on you come it?
Aldy : I come it now because me invite you to come my house.
Evan : why not? No problem.
Aldy : thanks, you can come at 03.00 pm.
Canceling an appointment :
Mario : Fadli, can you folow me go to workshop because me have many problem
Fadli : Mario, i’m so very sorry dear that, but then i also at workshop to, so we all get same fate to.
Mario : owh, really ? hahaha... OK if just after we face its problem them.
Fadli : hahhaa... OK.
Changing an Appointment :
Student : Sirr! Could we change time a agenda today from additional training?
Sirr : That very nice, but can you give reason to your opinnion?
Student : emm... because we have a to bussy at 02.00 pm – 03.00, to faith job brazes.
Sirr : OK, can at accepts, but then all it’s not deceit don’t?
Student : No Sirr, we won’t deceit about previus thing. All that correctness.
Advertisement
advertisement (ad)
Definition
Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet. An integral part of marketing, advertisements are public notices designed to inform and motivate. Their objective is to change the thinking pattern (or buying behavior) of the recipient, so that he or she is persuaded to take the action desired by the advertiser. When aired on radio or television, an advertisement is called a commercial. According to the Canadian-US advertising pioneer, John E. Kennedy (1864-1928), an advertisement is "salesmanship in print."
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Definition
Paid, non-personal, public communication about causes, goods and services, ideas, organizations, people, and places, through means such as direct mail, telephone, print, radio, television, and internet. An integral part of marketing, advertisements are public notices designed to inform and motivate. Their objective is to change the thinking pattern (or buying behavior) of the recipient, so that he or she is persuaded to take the action desired by the advertiser. When aired on radio or television, an advertisement is called a commercial. According to the Canadian-US advertising pioneer, John E. Kennedy (1864-1928), an advertisement is "salesmanship in print."
Advertisement Text English
Related Searches: » contoh contoh functional text warning » example advertisement text » example advertisement text english » examples of text advertisement
Advertisement Text Example
Answers.com - Beri saya contoh report text yang lain sekarang
Semua contoh report text in english? Beri saya contoh report text sekarang? Contoh text report dolpin? Report text about beach? ADVERTISEMENT
Answers.com - Berikan contoh text explanation
Contoh yang lain dari explanation texts? Bagaimana contoh explanation text
Answers.com - Contoh analitical exposition
Learn English Free and Fast - Advertising - Text Link
Learn English offers English grammar and extensive British English vocabulary sections along with a free English magazine and diary, games, lessons and
KABAR ADVERTISIMENT TEXT BERITA ADVERTISIMENT TEXT
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